the Easter Rising, the Irish Volunteers reorganised to form the Irish The name was adopted in 1966 by a group of militant loyalists in the north opposed to liberal unionism and in particular the Catholic civil rights movement. The first British soldier to be killed by the Provisional IRA died in February 1971. challenging nations to habitat, govern, and understand, since its formation in including two BBC engineers, who’s Land Rover was mistaken for a British Army It would attack the Republic again in May 1974, during the two-week Ulster Workers' Council strike. [103], During the Belfast City Hall flag protests of 2012–13, senior UVF members were confirmed to have actively been involved in orchestrating violence and rioting against the PSNI and the Alliance Party throughout Northern Ireland during the weeks of disorder. anyone sheltering or helping them, but if they persist in giving them aid, then They shot John Scullion, a Catholic civilian, as he walked home. [87][88][89], In January 2008, the UVF was accused of involvement in vigilante action against alleged criminals in Belfast. [95] Eleven months later, a man was arrested and charged with the attempted murder of the UVF's alleged second-in-command Harry Stockman, described by the Belfast Telegraph as a "senior Loyalist figure". Religious tensions are by no means over as the walls still stand (includes link to videos). [151], There were also 66 UVF/RHC members and four former members killed in the conflict. day by the existing British-imposed six-county and twenty-six-county partition [32] Two days later, the Government of Northern Ireland declared the UVF illegal. and Terrorism”. Terence O’Neill responded by denouncing the group’s links with the original "[34] It was led by Gusty Spence, a former British soldier. neither the IRA nor UVF have been explored within this essay and the importance At the time a third or so of Sinn Fein MLAs had been members of the provisional IRA. [121] Later, in September 1972, Gusty Spence said in an interview that the organisation had a strength of 1,500. The UVF's Mid-Ulster Brigade carried out further attacks during this same period. Irish Republican Army and its splinter groups. [37], On 26 June, the group shot dead a Catholic civilian and wounded two others as they left a pub on Malvern Street, Belfast. In 1914 they purchased nearly 25,000 surplus rifles and 3 million rounds of ammunition in Hamburg and arranged to have them smuggled into Ireland. gaining automatic weapons, ammunition, and over twenty tonnes of explosives. [citation needed] The arms were divided between the UVF, the UDA (the largest loyalist group) and Ulster Resistance.[72]. uvf বনাম Ira. Two UVF men were accidentally blown up in this attack. (Thesis 2017). Provisional IRA Attacks on the UDR in Fermanagh and South Tyrone: WHITE. According to journalist and author Ed Moloney, the UVF campaign in Mid-Ulster in this period "indisputably shattered Republican morale", and put the leadership of the republican movement under intense pressure to "do something",[80] although this has been disputed by others. [95] The Independent Monitoring Commission stated Moffett was killed by UVF members acting with the sanction of the leadership. increased civil rights for Catholics in. The kidnapping of three off-duty Scottish soldiers and their subsequent murder [123] Information regarding the role of women in the UVF is limited. began a campaign with increasing sectarian tendencies, beginning with the It was the deadliest attack of the Troubles. 1921. "FIFTH REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT MONITORING COMMISSION", "BBC - The Devenport Diaries: Remembering Billy Wright", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Status of the person killed", CAIN – University of Ulster Conflict Archive, Bombings of King's Cross and Euston stations, Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings, Belfast, Crumlin, Killyleagh & Coleraine attacks, Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC, Murders of Andrew Robb and David McIlwaine, Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Volunteer_Force&oldid=1011245184, Proscribed paramilitary organisations in Northern Ireland, Organizations designated as terrorist in Europe, Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom, Organised crime groups in Northern Ireland, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, May 1966 – present (on ceasefire since October 1994; officially ended armed campaign in May 2007), Unnamed Chief of Staff (1974 – October 1975). Ang Provos sa kabilang banda ay nakakaakit (ed) ng maraming pansin ng media dahil sa kanilang libreng katayuan sa katayuan habang ang UVF at UDA ay tinago ng misteryo sa pamamagitan ng kanilang sarili na nagbigay ng kanilang mga link sa officialdom (RUC atbp) Huwag kang maniwala sa akin? The gang comprised, in addition to the UVF, rogue elements of the UDR, RUC, SPG, and the regular Army, all acting allegedly under the direction of the British Intelligence Corps and/or RUC Special Branch. “The IRA Active Service Units increasingly These included the Miami Showband killings of 31 July 1975 – when three members of the popular showband were killed, having been stopped at a fake British Army checkpoint outside Newry in County Down. to the Irish Republican Army, the UVF has a history dated back to the early [69], The UVF's nickname is "Blacknecks", derived from their uniform of black polo neck jumper, black trousers, black leather jacket, black forage cap, along with the UVF badge and belt. In the summer of 2000, the UVF/UDA feud culminated in the deaths of seven people. Territoriality, Alienation and Loyalist Decommissioning: the Case of When Billy Hutchinson announced a few years ago that he did not believe the UVF would decommission its weapons (even were the IRA to do so) both the UUP and the DUP were unexercised by his statement, because, according to them, the IRA is the real problem, not the loyalists: further proof of the duplicitous attitude of the unionist parties. Chief of Staff and initiated a series of attacks aimed at destabilising the execute members of the IRA, UVF leader Gusty Spence ordered the murder of The Mid-Ulster Brigade was also responsible for the 1975 Miami Showband killings, in which three members of the popular Irish cabaret band were shot dead at a bogus military checkpoint by gunmen in British Army uniforms. PATTERSON, Republican group being blamed for the damage. [140][141] It is estimated that the UVF nevertheless received hundreds of thousands of pounds in donations to its Loyalist Prisoners Welfare Association. [54] Jackson was allegedly the hitman who shot Hanna dead outside his home in Lurgan. Documentary about republican (PIRA & INLA) and loyalist (UDA & UVF) paramilitaries in Ireland and their bombing campaigns in Britain & Ireland. A cursory glance would suggest the UVF forced the will of a minority group on the majority of the people. Less extreme measures will be taken against anyone sheltering or helping them, but if they persist in giving them aid, then more extreme methods will be adopted... we solemnly warn the authorities to make no more speeches of appeasement. This was in retaliation for attacks on Loyalist homes the previous weekend and after a young girl was hit in the face with a brick by Republicans. He was the first RUC officer to be killed during the Troubles. The UVF were just one of a number of Unionist paramilitary of Independence. In Belfast, loyalists responded by attacking nationalist districts. When the Assets Recovery Agency won a High Court order to seize luxury homes belonging to ex-policeman Colin Robert Armstrong and his partner Geraldine Mallon in 2005, Alan McQuillan said "We have further alleged Armstrong has had links with the UVF and then the LVF following the split between those organisations." On the basis of that, we as a federation have called for the respecification of the UVF [stating that its ceasefire is over]. to, The Whenever it claimed responsibility for its attacks, the UVF usually claimed that those targeted were IRA members or IRA sympathizers. [42], The UVF had launched its first attack in the Republic of Ireland on 5 August 1969, when it bombed the RTÉ Television Centre in Dublin. [75] Republicans responded to the attacks by assassinating senior UVF members John Bingham, William "Frenchie" Marchant and Trevor King[76] as well as Leslie Dallas, whose purported UVF membership was disputed both by his family and the UVF. continuation of the IRA, and as such are referred to as the IRA. Nelson, Sarah. bargains. district of Belfast, the highest death toll from a single attack during the However, the year leading up to the loyalist ceasefire, which took place shortly after the Provisional IRA ceasefire, saw some of the worst sectarian killings carried out by loyalists during the Troubles. It issued a statement vowing to "remove republican elements from loyalist areas" and stop them "reaping financial benefit therefrom". Prime Minister During carrying workers home in South Armagh, of the 12 on board, one Catholic was [19] The vast majority of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians, who were often killed at random. [citation needed] There were also reports that UVF members fired shots at police lines during a protest. [100] The UVF leader in East Belfast, who is popularly known as the "Beast of the East" and "Ugly Doris" also known as by real name Stephen Matthews, ordered the attack on Catholic homes and a church in the Catholic enclave of the Short Strand. The Ulster Volunteer Force was a Loyalist organization dedicated to keeping Ireland in the United Kingdom, in reaction to the Home Rule bills being considered by the UK parliament. "UVF Rule Out Jackal Link To Murder". People were consequently rather keen that the IRA weren't still carrying out extra judicial murders. [85], On 3 May 2007, following recent negotiations between the Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) and Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern and with Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) Chief Constable Sir Hugh Orde, the UVF made a statement that they would transform to a "non-military, civilianised" organisation. Thanks to Maria Vivod for sending me this academic study of women and political conflict, 'Sexed Pistols - The gendered impacts of small arms and pistols', which includes a fascinating chapter on women in the IRA and UVF/RHC. [77] The UVF also killed senior Republican paramilitary members Liam Ryan, John 'Skipper' Burns and Larry Marley. They also harmed many civilians through bombs in NI and mainland Britain. F". Other times, attacks on Catholic civilians were claimed as "retaliation" for IRA actions, since the IRA drew most of its support from the Catholic community. [66] The hawks had been ousted by those in the UVF who were unhappy with their political and military strategy. All the players except for one were Catholic/Protestant (again, can't remember). [112] The Brigade Staff's former headquarters were situated in rooms above "The Eagle" chip shop located on the Shankill Road at its junction with Spier's Place. [25] In the late summer and autumn of 1973, the UVF detonated more bombs than the UDA and IRA combined,[26] and by the time of the group's temporary ceasefire in late November it had been responsible for over 200 explosions that year. The. So what did the violent campaigns of the paramilitaries achieve? Ireland (NI) is not one hundred years old, yet it has been one of the most Assistant chief constable Drew Harris in a statement said "The UVF are subject to an organised crime investigation as an organised crime group. Strongest during the 1970s, their ranks have diminished since then. It set up a paramilitary-style wing called the Ulster Protestant Volunteers (UPV). [102], In July 2011, a UVF flag flying in Limavady was deemed legal by the PSNI after the police had received complaints about the flag from nationalist politicians. SOUTHERN, The group concluded a general acceptance of the need to decommission, though there was no conclusive proof of moves towards this end. Although O'Neill was a unionist, they saw him as being too 'soft' on the civil rights movement and too friendly with the Republic of Ireland. The name UVF dates back to 1912 as the Loyalist force who opposed the home rule bill (treating to bring civil war to Ireland if home rule was granted). From this point until the outbreak of the [135], In contrast to the IRA, overseas support for loyalist paramilitaries including the UVF has been limited. Claims the group acted independently vary, however the gang’s members were Enjoy: ‘‘That’s equality… [32] Spence later wrote "At the time, the attitude was that if you couldn't get an IRA man you should shoot a Taig, he's your last resort". the following years another UVF unit, the Shankhill Butchers rose to infamousy. defeat of the IRA (Smith, 1995). Despite the military prowess of the UVF’s hierarchy, a lack Article from The People (London, England). civilians, and attempts to destabilise the British establishment. The UVF was formed in 1966 to combat what it saw as a rise in Irish nationalism centred on the 50th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising. In January 2000 UVF Mid-Ulster brigadier Richard Jameson was shot dead by a LVF gunman which led to an escalation of the UVF/LVF feud. Thousands of families, mostly Catholics, were forced to flee their homes and refugee camps were set up in the Republic of Ireland. The "The untouchable informers facing exposure at last". Tommy West became Chief of Staff and ushered in a new moderate era The two main Protestant vigilante groups are the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). years later the McGurk’s Bar bombing greatly enhanced the UVF’s impact on the Colin Wallace, part of the intelligence apparatus of the British Army, asserted in an internal memo in 1975 that MI6 and RUC Special Branch formed a pseudo-gang within the UVF, designed to engage in violence and to subvert the tentative moves of some in the UVF towards the political process. CS gas on a number of occasions against large crowds partaking in minor Fifteen Catholic civilians were killed and seventeen wounded. Militant Loyalism dates back to 1912 and the introduction of the Home Rule Bill into the British parliament. Their initial aim was to effectively protect the Northern "Overstating and Misjudging the Prospects of Civil War: The Ulster Volunteer Force and the Irish Volunteers in the Home Rule Crisis, 1912-1914." [84], On 2 September 2006, BBC News reported the UVF might be intending to re-enter dialogue with the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, with a view to decommissioning of their weapons. separate attacks on a Territorial Army base in Lurgan and the Belfast docks, [39], By 1969, the Catholic civil rights movement had escalated its protest campaign, and O'Neill had promised them some concessions. House of Commons: Northern Ireland Affairs Committee, Cusack & McDonald, p.34-35, 105, 199, 205, The Lost Lives, David McKittrick, Page 1475, Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions, Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, protests throughout Northern Ireland, some of which became violent, Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997 § Loyalists and the IRA – killing and reprisals, Republic of Ireland national football team, Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, "Report drawn up on behalf of the Political Affairs Committee on the situation in Northern Ireland", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfGe4WO8yok, "Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations", "Inside the UVF: Money, murders and mayhem - the loyalist gang's secrets unveiled", "UVF 'behind racist attacks in south and east Belfast'", Chronology of Key Events in Irish History, 1800 to 1967, "Irish tighten security after Dublin bombing", "Call for probe of British link to 1974 bombs", "Collusion in the South Armagh / Mid Ulster Area in the mid-1970's". The group is classified as a terrorist organisation by the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.[7]. From of members were imprisoned due to police informers and super-grass plea Protestant communities in the Six Counties began organising their own civilian militias. All were widely blamed on the IRA, and British soldiers were sent to guard installations. In response to events in Derry, nationalists held protests throughout Northern Ireland, some of which became violent. and training of volunteers. Whenever it claimed responsibility for its attacks, the UVF usually claimed that those targeted were IRA members or were giving help to the IRA. swelled the ranks of the IRA and yet more British troops were deployed to the province Damage which eventually spread as However the role of violence in achieving both organisations’ political aims "[143], According to Alan McQuillan, the assistant director of the Assets Recovery Agency in 2005, "In the loyalist community, drug dealing is run by the paramilitaries and it is generally run for personal gain by a large number of people." Anderson, Malcolm & Bort, Eberhard (1999). [49] This came to a climax on 4 December, when the UVF bombed McGurk's Bar, a Catholic-owned pub in Belfast. [136] Its main benefactors have been in central Scotland,[137] Liverpool,[138] Preston[138] and the Toronto area of Canada. [86] This was to take effect from midnight. In February, it began to target critics of militant loyalism – the homes of MPs Austin Currie, Sheelagh Murnaghan, Richard Ferguson and Anne Dickson were attacked with improvised bombs. [61] The UVF was banned again on 3 October 1975 and two days later twenty-six suspected UVF members were arrested in a series of raids. It used submachine guns, assault rifles, shotguns, pistols, grenades (including homemade grenades), incendiary bombs, booby trap bombs and car bombs. These are interesting folk art. Hanna and Jackson have both been implicated by journalist Joe Tiernan, and RUC Special Patrol Group (SPG) officer John Weir as having led one of the units that bombed Dublin. warfare, doing so throughout several riots and gun battles with British forces violent activity. UVF gunrunners VS IRA. spared his life whilst the other 11 Protestants were shot, ten of whom died. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths – crosstabulations", "UVF disbands unit linked to taxi murder", Law and order Belfast-style as two men are forced on a 'walk of shame', 'Report of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning', Twenty-Fourth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission, David Madine admits trying to kill loyalist Harry Stockman, "Police say UVF gunman seen in Rathcoole during trouble". Two The split resulted in the Irish Civil War The attack was focused on a minibus The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association sought to end discrimination against Catholics by the unionist government of Northern Ireland. [47] Catholic churches were also attacked. From that time until the early 1990s, the Mid-Ulster Brigade was led by Robin "the Jackal" Jackson, who then passed the leadership to Billy Wright. Its first leader was Gusty Spence, a former British Army soldier from Northern Ireland. Troubles (Pat Coogan, 2002). The UVF agreed to a ceasefire in October 1994. 1912 to oppose the Home Rule movement. Kingsmill massacre in January of that year. [105] The high levels of orchestration by the leadership of the East Belfast UVF, and the alleged ignored orders from the main leaders of the UVF to stop the violence has led to fears that the East Belfast UVF has now become a separate loyalist paramilitary grouping which doesn't abide by the UVF ceasefire or the Northern Ireland Peace Process. Within this piece of work, following the IRA’s internal split in 1969, met provocation with provocation. N (2011). [40] The loyalists "intended to force a crisis which would so undermine confidence in O'Neill's ability to maintain law and order that he would be obliged to resign". The note, on UVF-headed notepaper, was received by Haughey’s office in 1987 while he was serving as taoiseach for a third time. [57] This resulted in a sharp increase in sectarian killings and internecine feuding, both with the UDA and within the UVF itself. [41] There were bombings on 30 March, 4 April, 20 April, 24 April and 26 April. The new Brigade Staff's aim was to carry out attacks against known republicans rather than Catholic civilians. [18], The UVF's stated goal was to combat Irish republicanism – particularly the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) – and maintain Northern Ireland's status as part of the United Kingdom.
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