This survey showed a 62% response saying that te reo Māori was at risk. In the meantime, Scotty Morrison in conjunction with Waatea has created a series of This difference was the subject of considerable debate during the 1990s and 2000s over the then-proposed change of the name of the city Wanganui to Whanganui. In borrowings from English, many consonants are substituted by the nearest available Māori consonant. For example, -ia (or just -a if the verb ends in [i]). [108], Demonstratives occur after the noun and have a deictic function, and include tēnei, this (near me), tēnā, that (near you), tērā, that (far from us both), and taua, the aforementioned (anaphoric). The answers may be āe (yes) or kāo (no).[126]. Syllables in Māori have one of the following forms: V, VV, CV, CVV. 100 Māori words for everyday usage. [5], As the status and prestige of the language rose, so did the demand for language classes. Holmes, J. [33], There is however evidence that the revitalisation efforts are taking hold, as can be seen in the teaching of te reo in the school curriculum, the use of Māori as an instructional language, and the supportive ideologies surrounding these efforts. When used passively, these verbs take a passive form. [48] However, there is no evidence that these petroglyphs ever evolved into a true system of writing. (1988). Double vowels continue to be used in a few exceptional cases, including: Māori has five phonemically distinct vowel articulations, and ten consonant phonemes. [7] They visited Professor Samuel Lee at Cambridge University and assisted him in the preparation of a grammar and vocabulary of Māori. [107], The proper article a is used for personal nouns. and Mea, so-and-so.[99]. [5], In 2019, Kotahi Rau Pukapuka Trust began work on publishing a sizeable library of local and international literature in the language. Maaori); this style was standard there until Biggs died in 2000. Increasing numbers of Māori raise their children bilingually. [29] These include: Based on the principles of partnership, Māori-speaking government, general revitalisation and dialectal protective policy, and adequate resourcing, the Waitangi Tribunal has recommended "four fundamental changes":[30], The changes set forth by the Tribunal are merely recommendations; they are not binding upon government. For example, the kiwi, the national bird, takes its name from te reo. AUT's te reo Māori courses combine cutting edge technology with quality, fun teaching. According to legend, Māori came to New Zealand from Hawaiki. /ɾ/ is typically a flap, especially before /a/. Although it is commonly claimed that vowel realisations (pronunciations) in Māori show little variation, linguistic research has shown this not to be the case.[67]. There are several different negators which are used under various specific circumstances. 123–135. From this period greater emphasis was placed on Māori learning English, but it was not until the migration of Māori to urban areas after the Second World War that the number of speakers of Māori began to decline rapidly. For example, the English fricatives /tʃ/, /dʒ/, and /s/ are replaced by /h/, /f/ becomes /p/, and /l/ becomes /ɾ/ (the /l/ is sometimes retained in the southern dialect, as noted below). Anne Salmond[50] records aghee for aki (In the year 1773, from the North Island East Coast, p. 98), Toogee and E tanga roak for Tuki and Tangaroa (1793, Northland, p216), Kokramea, Kakramea for Kakaramea (1801, Hauraki, p261), toges for toki(s), Wannugu for Uenuku and gumera for kumara (1801, Hauraki, p261, p266, p269), Weygate for Waikato (1801, Hauraki, p277), Bunga Bunga for pungapunga, tubua for tupua and gure for kurī (1801, Hauraki, p279), as well as Tabooha for Te Puhi (1823, Northern Northland, p385). "The, Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements, Māori Language Week (Te Wiki o te Reo Māori), "Ngā puna kōrero: Where Māori speak te reo – infographic", "Google and Disney join rush to cash in as Māori goes mainstream", NZETC: Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century, 1816, "Māori Language Act 1987 No 176 (as at 30 April 2016), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation", New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs, Definitions of Māori words used in New Zealand English, "Dedicated Parliamentary Seats for Indigenous Peoples: Political Representation as an Element of Indigenous Self-Determination", "Te Ture mō Te Reo Māori 2016 No 17 (as at 01 March 2017), Public Act 7 Right to speak Māori in legal proceedings – New Zealand Legislation", "New Zealand Gazetteer of Official Geographic Names", https://teara.govt.nz/en/ideas-about-maori-origins/page-5, "Rosina Wiparata: A Legacy of Māori Language Education", "Harry Potter to be translated into te reo Māori", Te reo Māori card game Tākaro moves into production after kickstarter campaign, "Encouraging te reo Māori through hand-crafted taonga for children", https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/118294/rapanui-expedition-reveals-similarities-to-te-reo-maori, "Māori Language Issues – Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori", "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)", "Sample of Writing by Shunghie [Hongi Hika] on board the Active", "What's that little line? 106–122. "Maori education: Revolution and transformative action". "Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence" In Sutton (ed.) Māori pronouns and possessives further distinguish exclusive "we" from inclusive "we", second and third. The plural is formed just by dropping the t: tēnei (this), ēnei (these). “Our goal for Kupu is that it’s popularizing a selection of words from the Māori language so that 100 words is 1,000 words in a couple years.” [115] If the sentence is topicalized (agent topic, only in non-present sentences) the particle nā begins the sentence (past tense) or the mā (future, imperfective) followed by the agent/subject. English is the main language, however around 4% (or 140,000) of people speak Te Reo. [27] Some Māori children who spoke Te Reo at school were physically disciplined which contributed to the decline in the Te Reo language in the 1940s to 1980s. While the northern river was named the Waitangitāhuna River, the southern river became the Waitakitāhuna-ki-te-Toka, using the more usual southern spelling (ki-te-Toka, "of the south", would be rendered ki-te-Tonga in standard Māori). [5], In 2019, Kotahi Rau Pukapuka Trust began work on publishing a sizeable library of local and international literature in the language. Despite being officially regarded as extinct,[84] many government and educational agencies in Otago and Southland encourage the use of the dialect in signage[85] and official documentation. [37] By 2020, there was a brand that aimed to help mothers promote te reo Māori in their homes through hand-made taonga. [80] Maarire Goodall and George Griffiths say there is also a voicing of k to g – this is why the region of Otago (southern dialect) and the settlement it is named after – Otakou (standard Māori) – vary in spelling (the pronunciation of the latter having changed over time to accommodate the northern spelling). The modern Māori alphabet has 15 letters, two of which are digraphs: A E H I K M N O P R T U W NG and WH. The Waitangi Tribunal in 2011 identified a suggestion for language revitalisation that would shift indigenous policies from the central government to the preferences and ideologies of the Māori people. Noun bases include those bases that can take a definite article, but cannot occur as the nucleus of a verbal phrase; for example: ika (fish) or rākau (tree). [citation needed], Māori still[update] is a community language in some predominantly-Māori settlements in the Northland, Urewera and East Cape areas. Thomas Kendall published a book in 1815 entitled A korao no New Zealand, which in modern orthography and usage would be He Kōrero nō Aotearoa. The indefinite article he is usually positioned at the beginning of the phrase in which it is used. Clark, Ross (1994). Te Taura Whiri will also need increased powers. The pronunciation of ⟨wh⟩ is extremely variable,[73] but its most common pronunciation (its canonical allophone) is the labiodental fricative, IPA [f] (as found in English). The consonant phonemes of Māori are listed in the following table. When used passively, these verbs take a passive form. "Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence" In Sutton (ed.) [33] This change recognises the issue of Māori revitalisation as one of indigenous self-determination, instead of the job of the government to identify what would be best for the language and Māori people of New Zealand. At least until the 1930s, the bilabial fricative was considered to be the correct pronunciation. Definitives include the articles te (singular) and ngā (plural)[106] and the possessive prepositions tā and tō. Taku is my, aku is my (plural, for many possessed items). The Māori embraced literacy enthusiastically, and missionaries reported in the 1820s that Māori all over the country taught each other to read and write, using sometimes quite innovative materials in the absence of paper, such as leaves and charcoal, and flax. Previous place name lists were derived from computer systems (usually mapping and geographic information systems) that could not handle macrons.[22]. The Māori language (te reo) is an official language in New Zealand. )(1994), pp. It's important to be able to pronounce the alphabet when learning to sound out the Maori words just as you did when you first learned English in school. "Does Māori have a closest relative?" This will ensure that public bodies are compelled to contribute to, These regional public bodies and schools must also consult, A considerable number of governmental and non-governmental organisations continue to use the older spelling of ⟨, Double vowels are also used instead of macrons in long vowels resultant from. The difference between exclusive and inclusive lies in the treatment of the person addressed. Similarly, the Māori name for Stewart Island, Rakiura, is cognate with the name of the Canterbury town of Rangiora. The following examples show that vowel length is phonemic in Māori: Māori devised ways to mark vowel length, sporadically at first. Because English stops /p, t, k/ primarily have aspiration, speakers of English often hear the Māori nonaspirated stops as English /b, d, ɡ/. The related adverbs are nei (here), nā (there, near you), rā (over there, near him).[109]. [34] In 2014, a survey of students ranging in age from 18 to 24 was conducted; the students were of mixed ethnic backgrounds, ranging from Pākehā to Māori who lived in New Zealand. who? )(1994), pp. "matua wahine" (mother, female elder) from "matua" (parent, elder) "wahine" (woman). The other passive suffixes, some of which are very rare, are: -hanga/-hia/-hina/-ina/-kia/-kina/-mia/-na/-nga/-ngia/-ria/-rina/-tia/-whia/-whina/. Bauer 1997: 536. ), and tētahi, (a certain). In TÅ«hoe and the Eastern Bay of Plenty (northeastern North Island) ⟨ng⟩ has merged with ⟨n⟩. )(1994), pp. Te Taura Whiri should function as a Crown–Māori partnership through the equal appointment of Crown and Māori appointees to its board. When used in sentences, statives require different syntax than other verb-like bases. Māori is the language spoken by the indigenous Māori people of New Zealand, mainly in the North Island, and it has been one of New Zealand’s 3 official languages since 1987. Te Kura offers free Māori Language courses. [9] Māori distinguishes between long and short vowels; modern written texts usually mark the long vowels with a macron. Read the full article. Bauer 1997: 532 lists seven allophones (variant pronunciations). (1993). That is, on the last four moras. Another allophone is the bilabial fricative, IPA [ɸ], which is usually supposed to be the sole pre-European pronunciation, although linguists are not sure of the truth of this supposition. We have 8 other Hour of Code tutorials available in a variety of the 50 languages listed below. For example, the kiwi, the national bird, takes its name from te reo. The related adverbs are nei (here), nā (there, near you), rā (over there, near him).[109]. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. Redwoodtown School makes their mark on Māori Language Moment. Until the Second World War (1939–1945), most Māori people spoke Māori as their first language. "Education, language decline and language revitalisation: The case of Maori in New Zealand". Some of these phonemes occupy large spaces in the anatomical vowel triangle (actually a trapezoid) of tongue positions. Estimates of the number of speakers vary: the 1996 census reported 160,000,[44] while other estimates have reported as few as 10,000 fluent adult speakers in 1995 according to the Māori Language Commission. These agent topicalizing particles can contract with singular personal pronouns and vary according to the possessive classes: nāku can be thought of as meaning "as for me" and behave like an emphatic or dative pronoun. However, this could just be due to more Māori immigrants leaving to Australia.[47]. [8] By 1830 the Church Missionary Society (CMS) missionaries had revised the orthography for writing the Māori language; for example, Kiddeekiddee became, as in the modern spelling, Kerikeri. Missionary William Williams published a Māori dictionary in 1844. However, stressed moras are longer than unstressed moras, so the word does not have the precision in Māori that it does in some other languages. The major differences occur in the pronunciation of words, variation of vocabulary, and idiom. "The Systematisation of Tradition: Maori Culture as a Strategic Resource". For those that do not, the IPA phonetic transcription is included, enclosed in square brackets per IPA convention. [97] Grammars generally refer to them as "stative verbs". Benton, N. (1989). The alphabet devised at Cambridge University does not mark vowel length. In 1817, Tītore and his junior relative, Tui, sailed to England. When used in sentences, statives require different syntax than other verb-like bases. Harlow, Ray (1994). Missionaries arriving from about 1814 learned to speak Māori, and introduced the Latin alphabet. [114], A definite and declarative sentence (may be a copulative sentence) begins with the declarative particle ko. Smith, G. H. (2000). [56][57] Most media now use macrons; Stuff websites and newspapers since 2017,[58] TVNZ[59] and NZME websites and newspapers since 2018. [49] The five vowels have both short and long forms, with the long forms denoted by macrons marked above them - Ā, Ē, Ī, Ō and Ū. Biggs, Bruce (1994). For younger speakers, they are both [a]. ", "Mātauranga hangarau – information technology – Māori language on the internet", "Why Stuff is introducing macrons for te reo Māori words", "Seven Sharp - Why are macrons so important in te reo Māori", "Official language to receive our best efforts", "Mātauranga hangarau – information technology - Māori language on the internet", "Te Wiki o Te Reo Maaori Discovery Trail - Waikato Museum", "Māori Language Week 2017 - Hamilton City Council", "Proposed District Plan (Stage 1) 13 Definitions", "Taxes - Tax, ideology and international comparisons", Brief (200) Word Description of the Māori Language, Ngata Māori–English English–Māori Dictionary, Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index, A Dictionary of the Maori Language by Herbert W. Williams, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Māori_language&oldid=1009805112, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In standard Māori, Wakatipu would have been rendered Whakatipua, showing further the elision of a final vowel. For older speakers, long vowels tend to be more peripheral and short vowels more centralised, especially with the low vowel, which is long [aː] but short [ɐ]. [13], Preferred and alternate pronunciations in English vary by dictionary, with /ˈmaʊri/ being most frequent today, and /mɑːˈɒri/, /ˈmɔːri/, and /ˈmɑːri/ also given, while the 'r' is always a rolled r.[14], New Zealand has three official languages: English, Māori, and New Zealand Sign Language. Goodall and Griffiths claim that final vowels are given a centralised pronunciation as schwa or that they are elided (pronounced indistinctly or not at all), resulting in such seemingly bastardised place names as The Kilmog, which in standard Māori would have been rendered Kirimoko, but which in southern dialect would have been pronounced very much as the current name suggests. [56][57] Most media now use macrons; Stuff websites and newspapers since 2017,[58] TVNZ[59] and NZME websites and newspapers since 2018. For younger speakers, it is fronted [ʉ] everywhere, as with the corresponding phoneme in New Zealand English. [8] The missionaries of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) did not have a high regard for this book. In Sutton (ed.) Kohanga reo Māori-immersion kindergartens throughout New Zealand use Māori exclusively. Harlow, Ray (1994). [60], Technical limitations in producing macronised vowels on typewriters and older computer systems are sometimes resolved by using a diaeresis instead of a macron (e.g., Mäori).[61]. In Sutton (Ed. Some older texts represent long vowels with double letters (for example: Maaori rather than Māori); for modern exceptions see § Long vowels below. In 2018 Māori Language Week runs from 10-16 September. Like other Polynesian languages, Māori has three numbers for pronouns and possessives: singular, dual and plural. There is no significant variation in grammar between dialects. [33] This change recognises the issue of Māori revitalisation as one of indigenous self-determination, instead of the job of the government to identify what would be best for the language and Māori people of New Zealand. Now its sole official name is Aoraki / Mount Cook, which favours the local dialect form. [121] The most common negator is kāhore, which may occur in one of four forms, with the kāo form only being used in response to a question. Some distinctive markings among the kōwhaiwhai (rafter paintings) of meeting houses were used as mnemonics in reciting whakapapa (genealogy) but again, there was no systematic relation between marks and meanings. Other major Eastern Polynesian languages include Hawaiian, Marquesan (languages in the Marquesic subgroup), and the Rapa Nui language of Easter Island.[39][40][41]. Benton, R. A. In the extinct South Island dialects, ng merged with k in many regions. It has the plural pronouns: mātou (we, exc), tātou (we, inc), koutou (you), rātou (they). [46] The rest use only a few words or phrases (passive bilingualism). (1994), pp. 96–105. Mātou refers to the speaker and others but not the person or persons spoken to ("I and some others but not you"), and tātou refers to the speaker, the person or persons spoken to and everyone else ("you, I and others"):[110], The possessive pronouns vary according to person, number, clusivity, and possessive class (a class or o class). The language features the dual pronouns: māua (we two, exc), tāua (we two, inc), kōrua (you two), rāua (they two). Now, with the help of Microsoft AI, they’re launching te reo Māori as a language in Microsoft Translator. Surveys from 2018 indicated that "the Māori language currently enjoys a high status in Māori society and also positive acceptance by the majority of non-Māori New Zealanders". Biggs proposed that historically there were two major dialect groups, North Island and South Island, and that South Island Māori is extinct. 123–135. [96], Universal bases are verbs which can be used passively. New Zealand Maori, te reo. [90] The lexical word forms the "base" of the phrase. [15] Māori gained this status with the passing of the Māori Language Act 1987. The subject is usually raised in negative phrases, although this is not obligatory. The Waitangi Tribunal in 2011 identified a suggestion for language revitalisation that would shift indigenous policies from the central government to the preferences and ideologies of the Māori people. Closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan, and Tahitian, it gained recognition as one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987. [81] Westland's Waitangitaona River became two distinct rivers after an avulsion, each named in a differing dialect. [97], Stative bases serve as bases usable as verbs but not available for passive use, such as ora, alive or tika, correct. In the extinct South Island dialects, ng merged with k in many regions. Kohanga reo Māori-immersion kindergartens throughout New Zealand use Māori exclusively. 106–122. [68] As noted above, it has recently become standard in Māori spelling to indicate a long vowel with a macron. In Sutton (Ed. The standard Māori r is also found occasionally changed to an l in these southern dialects and the wh to w. These changes are most commonly found in place names, such as Lake Waihola[82] and the nearby coastal settlement of Wangaloa (which would, in standard Māori, be rendered Whangaroa), and Little Akaloa, on Banks Peninsula. "Education, language decline and language revitalisation: The case of Maori in New Zealand". [43] Speakers of modern Māori generally report that they find the languages of the Cook Islands, including Rarotongan, the easiest amongst the other Polynesian languages to understand and converse in. ), and tētahi, (a certain). [19], A 1994 ruling by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council[20] in the United Kingdom held the New Zealand Government responsible under the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) for the preservation of the language. Thus Kāi Tahu and Ngāi Tahu are variations in the name of the same iwi (the latter form is the one used in acts of Parliament). For those that do not, the IPA phonetic transcription is included, enclosed in square brackets per IPA convention. The Māori greetings "tēnā koe" (to one person), "tēnā kōrua" (to two people) or "tēnā koutou" (to three or more people) are also widely used, as are farewells such as "haere rā". [71] Formant frequency analysis distinguish /aÄ­/, /aĕ/, /aŏ/, /aÅ­/, /oÅ­/ as diphthongs.[72]. Worship took place in Māori; it functioned as the language of Māori homes; Māori politicians conducted political meetings in Māori, and some literature appeared in Māori, along with many newspapers. te reo Māori. The major differences occur in the pronunciation of words, variation of vocabulary, and idiom. It consists of 10 consonants and five vowels. Benton, R. A. (1994), pp. Māori Language Commission: Language codes; ISO 639-1: mi: ISO 639-2: mao (B) mri (T) ISO 639-3: mri: Glottolog: maor1246 [3] Linguasphere: 39-CAQ-a: This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. All possible CV combinations are grammatical, though wo, who, wu, and whu occur only in a few loanwords from English such as wuru, "wool" and whutuporo, "football".[75]. Pronouns have singular, dual and plural number. Te Taura Whiri should function as a Crown–Māori partnership through the equal appointment of Crown and Māori appointees to its board. These variations had their origins in the fact that the ancestors of modern Māori came by canoe from different villages and islands in eastern Polynesia. Many other words such as "whānau" (meaning "family") and "kai" (meaning "food") are also widely understood and used by New Zealanders. At Auckland University, Professor Bruce Biggs (of Ngāti Maniapoto descent) promoted the use of double vowels (e.g. Semester 1, 2021: 1 March to 18 June (semester break* from 29 March to 11 April) Semester 2, 2021: 12 July to 5 Nov (semester break* from 30 August to 10 September) This percentage has been in decline in recent years, from around a quarter of the population to 21 per cent. ", As with many "dead" languages, there is a possibility that the southern dialect may be revived, especially with the encouragement mentioned. and Mea, so-and-so.[99]. While the northern river was named the Waitangitāhuna River, the southern river became the Waitakitāhuna-ki-te-Toka, using the more usual southern spelling (ki-te-Toka, "of the south", would be rendered ki-te-Tonga in standard Māori). [8] By 1830 the Church Missionary Society (CMS) missionaries had revised the orthography for writing the Māori language; for example, Kiddeekiddee became, as in the modern spelling, Kerikeri. Now its sole official name is Aoraki / Mount Cook, which favours the local dialect form. By 1830 the CMS missionaries had revised the orthography for writing the Māori language; for example, ‘Kiddeekiddee’ became, what is the modern spelling, ‘Kerikeri’. (1994), pp. 106–122. The Māori phrase "Ka kite ano" means 'until I see you again' is quite commonly used. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. [124] The use of the passive suffix -ia is given in this sentence: Kua hangaia te marae e ngā tohunga (The marae has been built by the experts). The neuter one must be followed by a noun and only occur for singular first, second and third persons. Since 2000, the government has altered the official names of several southern place names to the southern dialect forms by replacing ng with k. New Zealand's highest mountain, known for centuries as Aoraki in southern Māori dialects that merge ng with k, and as Aorangi by other Māori, was later named "Mount Cook", in honour of Captain Cook. The article either can be translated to the English ‘a’ or ‘some’, but the number will not be indicated by he. The indefinite article he is usually positioned at the beginning of the phrase in which it is used. (1988). Te Taura Whiri will also need increased powers. Once the Māori language was taught in universities in the 1960s, vowel-length marking was made systematic. It falls preferentially on the first long vowel, on the first diphthong if there is no long vowel (though for some speakers never a final diphthong), and on the first syllable otherwise. Closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan, and Tahitian, it gained recognition as one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987. Example: tāku pene (my pen), āku pene (my pens). They include: Locative particles (prepositions) refer to position in time and/or space, and include: Possessives fall into one of two classes of prepositions marked by a and o, depending on the dominant versus subordinate relationship between possessor and possessed: ngā tamariki a te matua, the children of the parent but te matua o ngā tamariki, the parent of the children.[105]. [81] Westland's Waitangitaona River became two distinct rivers after an avulsion, each named in a differing dialect. Attempts to write Māori words using the Latin script began with Captain James Cook and other early explorers, with varying degrees of success. Benton, R. A. Although "there was a true revival of te reo in the 1980s and early to mid-1990s ... spurred on by the realisation of how few speakers were left, and by the relative abundance of older fluent speakers in both urban neighbourhoods and rural communities", the language has continued to decline. Missionaries arriving from about 1814 learned to speak Māori, and introduced the Latin alphabet. "Bilingual education and the survival of the Maori language". Māori Language Commission: Language codes; ISO 639-1: ISO 639-2 (B) (T) ISO 639-3: mri: This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. "Māori Dialectology and the Settlement of New Zealand" In Sutton (ed.) (which? [95] In general, bases used as qualifiers follow the base they qualify, e.g. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. The language features the dual pronouns: māua (we two, exc), tāua (we two, inc), kōrua (you two), rāua (they two). Sissons, J. "Te Reo" redirects here. [29] These include: Based on the principles of partnership, Māori-speaking government, general revitalisation and dialectal protective policy, and adequate resourcing, the Waitangi Tribunal has recommended "four fundamental changes":[30], The changes set forth by the Tribunal are merely recommendations; they are not binding upon government. "Does Māori have a closest relative?" From the mid 1800s, due to the Native Schools Act and later the Native Schools Code, the use of Māori in schools was slowly filtered out of the curriculum in order to become more European. Māori translation app Kupu has launched a new web feature that allows users to see what their English name translates to, as a way to engage more people with the language. Maaori); this style was standard there until Biggs died in 2000. Thomas Kendall travelled to London with Hongi Hika and Waikato (a lower-ranking Ngāpuhi chief) in 1820, during which time further work was done with Professor Lee, who gave phonetic spellings to a written form of the language, which resulted in a definitive orthography based on Northern usage. [69] With younger speakers, /ai, au/ start with a higher vowel than the [a] of /ae, ao/. However, younger Māori speakers tend to aspirate /p, t, k/ as in English.
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